MyTest

In daily life, we may encounter various cognitive conflicts. For example, when we see a " blue ", the meaning of the word "blue" interferes with our response to the color "red." This is the classic Stroop conflict phenomenon. When we need to respond to an object located on one side of our body (such as the left side) using the opposite hand (the right hand), we also experience a conflict known as the Simon effect. Based on the dimensional overlap framework that classify conflicts based on the overlap between the stimulus (S) and response (R) dimensions, the Stroop conflict belongs to the stimulus-stimulus (S-S) conflict, while the Simon conflict belongs to the stimulus-response (S-R) conflict. Due to the different dimensional overlap, the two types of conflict involves different processing time courses and different cognitive control resources. An increasing number of studies have explored the neural mechanisms underlying different types of conflict contro...

Our cognitive control system is highly flexible, allowing us to quickly adapt to different situations as needed. While cognitive control is effective at resolving a continuous conflict task, it struggles when switching to a different conflict situation. Although this phenomenon has been widely reported, the brain's processing of this phenomenon is not well understood. To investigate this issue, we conducted a spatial Stroop-Simon task, where participants were asked to respond left or right to an up or down arrow, respectively. The arrow could appear at the top, bottom, left, or right of the screen. When the arrow appeared at vertical locations, the location could be compatible or incompatible with the arrow orientation in terms of their semantic processing, leading to the spatial Stroop effects. When the arrow appeared at horizontal locations, the location could be compatible or incompatible with the response, leading to the Simon effects. Participants underwent functional magnetic...

People receive a large amount of external information every day, and selective attention allows them to prioritize the processing of important information given their limited perceptual capacity. Generally speaking, selective attention can enhance the processing of target stimuli and suppress non-target stimuli. However, people's expectations about information can influence these two regulatory processes. However, the mechanisms by which expectations affect selective enhancement and suppression are not the same. The effect of expectations on enhancement occurs early, and can even enhance the representation of target stimuli before they appear, which is an active form of regulation. Researchers generally agree on this. However, there is much controversy over the processing mechanisms of expected suppression. The mainstream view is that expected suppression is mainly modulated by resonance in the alpha frequency band (8-12 Hz) before the stimulus appears, which is an active form of r...

People receive a large amount of information input every day, and when there is inconsistency in the information, cognitive conflict arises. When this conflict repeatedly occurs, people's ability to resolve conflicts improves, and this phenomenon is called the congruency sequence effect (CSE), which is also commonly referred to as the conflict adaptation effect (CAE). Currently, there are two main theoretical explanations for the congruency sequence effect. One is the top-down theory, which believes that it reflects the dynamic regulatory function of cognitive control, while the other is the bottom-up theory, which believes that it reflects stimulus-based learning or memory. Both theories can explain the congruency sequence effect produced by a single type of conflict. However, in exploring the CSE between two different types of conflicts (such as Stroop and Simon), researchers have found problems with these two theories. When the consecutive trial involves different conflict types...

Cognitive control refers to the process by which individuals store, plan, and manipulate relevant information based on current task goals. The adaptability of cognitive control plays a crucial role in our ability to flexibly face upcoming events. When we are performing a task with a clear goal but are interfered by task-irrelevant information, our reaction becomes slower and more prone to errors. At this time, we need to invoke cognitive control to make goal-directed responses.      Different types of conflicts require similar processes. Previous research has found that different types of conflict underlie different cognitive control mechanisms. For example, there is no conflict adaptation effect (CAE) between stimulus-stimulus conflicts and stimulus-response conflicts. Some studies have also found that there is no CAE between conflicts in different modalities, but they attributed this result to task switching between visual and auditory conflicts. So, is the separation ...